What is Endophthalmitis?
It is an inflammation of internal coats of the eye including interocular cavities (which contains gel like structure called vitreous), usually caused by an infection and rarely by non infectious agents like retained lens material or toxic agents. If all the 3 coats of the eye are involved than the condition is known as Panophthalmitis.

What are the types of Endophthalmitis?
If broadly classified, it is of 2 main types:

1. Endogenous Endophthalmitis: It is due to direct spread through the blood. Due to breakdown of blood aqueous barrier, organisms reach directly from blood to eye. This type is more common among IV drug abusers, immunosuppressed patients like those suffering from AIDS or malignancies, in patients undergoing invasive procedures such as prosthetic heart valve surgery, hemodralysis, bladder catheterization, gastrointestinal endoscopy, chemotherapy, dental procedures etc. Systemic diseases like DM, SLE, hepatitis, chronic renal failure, bone marrow transplantation etc. also predisposes to this condition.
   In 50% of cases, endogenous endophthalmitis is caused by fungal infections due to candidaspecies or aspergillosis. Bacterial infections are mainly due to gram positive organisms like S. aureus, S. pneumonia, S. Vinidans or gram negative organisms like E. Coli, Klebsiella, H. Influenza, Pseudomonas.
   
   
2. Exogenous Endophthalmitis: It is due to inoculation of infectious organisms from outside. Two most common types are:
   
   1. Post-operative: It is seen mainly after intraocular surgeries like cataract, glaucoma or vitreo-retinal surgeries. Organisms usually reside in the eyelid margin or conjunctiva or are introduced into the eye if proper antiseptic precautions are not taken. Mainly gram positive organisms are responsible for this.
      
   2. Post-Traumatic: It is seen mainly after penetrating injury with stick, vegetable matter, metal-organisms are introduced into the eye during the injury.

What are the Symptoms?
Generally, patient complains of sudden loss of vision, pain, redness, swelling of the eye, headache, photophobia. However severity of symptoms may depend on the causatine organism. Eg: Fungal infection usually has slow, indolent course with less inflammation compared to bacterial infections.

How to diagnose Endophthalmitis?
Proper examination by an eye care specialist is must to diagnose and treat it adequately. Slit lamp and Indirect Ophthalmoscopic examination helps in the diagnosis. On examination, patient may have lid or periocular edema, redness of eyeball, hypopyon, vitritis, absent red reflex, papillitis proptosis, chronic uveitis, vitreal mass or debris etc. Some special tests helps in pin pointing the causative organism, which helps in directing the treatment. Gramstain, blood culture, urine culture, vitreous or aqueous sample (from the eye), routine blood and urine test, chest x-ray, B-Scan of eye may be done if fundus is not well visualised to root out retained interocular foreign body.

FUNDUS PHOTOGRAPHS

BEFORE SURGERY	AFTER SURGERY

Treatment of Endophthalmitis:
Once the diagnosis is made, prompt treatment is mandatory for better visual outcome. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of endophthalmitis.

If visual acuity is HM or better, intravitreal injection of antibiotics is given along with frequent instillation of drops. Patient may need to be hospitalized for adequate care. If vision is only PL than the surgery called vitrectomy is performed to remove infections organisms. Intravitreal injection is also injected along with frequent instillation of drops. Sometimes 2- 5 times intravitreal injection may be needed.

If there is associated foreign body or trauma than the specific surgery is also required, may be done in the same setting or later on.